ʻO ka hapa nui o nā panela lā e uhi ana i nā hale o ka honua, nā kula, a me nā wao nahele i kēia lā i ka like like: crystalline silicon.ʻO ka mea, i hana ʻia mai ka polysilicon maka, ua hana ʻia i mau wafers a ua wili ʻia i loko o nā cell solar, nā mea hana e hoʻololi i ka lā i uila.I kēia mau lā, ua lilo ka hilinaʻi o ka ʻoihana i kēia ʻenehana hoʻokahi i mea o ke kuleana.ʻO nā bottlenecks kaulahao hoʻolakoke lohi neinā hoʻonohonoho lā hou ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa.ʻO nā mea hoʻolako polysilicon nui ma ka ʻāina ʻo Xinjiang o Kina -i hoʻopiʻi ʻia no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hana hoʻoikaika mai Uyghurs- ke alo nei i nā hoʻopaʻi kālepa US.
ʻO ka mea pōmaikaʻi, ʻaʻole ʻo ka silika crystalline wale nō ka mea hiki ke kōkua i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu o ka lā.Ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ke hana nei nā ʻepekema a me nā mea hana e hoʻonui i ka hana ʻana o ka ʻenehana solar cadmium telluride.ʻO Cadmium telluride kekahi ʻano o ka "kiʻiʻoniʻoni ʻoniʻoni" solar cell, a, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana o ia inoa, ʻoi aku ka lahilahi ma mua o ka cell silicon kahiko.I kēia lā, hoʻohana nā panela i ka cadmium telluridelako ma kahi o 40 pakenekao ka US utility-scale market, a ma kahi o 5 pakeneka o ka mākeke lā honua.A ke kū nei lākou e pōmaikaʻi mai nā headwind e kū nei i ka ʻoihana lā ākea.
"He manawa paʻakikī loa ia, ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kaulahao hāʻawi silika crystalline ma ka laulā," wahi a Kelsey Goss, kahi mea noiʻi noiʻi lā no ka hui kūkākūkā ikehu ʻo Wood Mackenzie."Aia ka mana nui no nā mea hana cadmium telluride e lawe hou aku i ka māhele mākeke i ka makahiki e hiki mai ana."ʻO ka mea nui, ua ʻike ʻo ia, ʻoiai ke piʻi nei ka ʻāpana cadmium telluride.
I Iune, ua ʻōlelo ka mea hana lā ʻo First Solarhoʻolilo i $680 milionai ke kolu o ka hale hana lā cadmium telluride ma ke komohana ʻākau o Ohio.I ka pau ʻana o ka hale hana, ma 2025, hiki i ka hui ke hana i 6 gigawatts 'pono o nā panela lā ma ia wahi.Ua lawa ia no ka mana ma kahi o 1 miliona mau hale ʻAmelika.ʻO kekahi ʻoihana solar ʻē aʻe ma Ohio, ʻo Toledo Solar, i komo i ka mākeke a ke hana nei i nā paneli cadmium telluride no nā hale noho.A i Iune, ʻo ka US Department of Energy a me kāna National Renewable Energy Laboratory, a i ʻole NREL,ua hoʻokumu i kahi papahana $ 20 milionae hoʻolalelale i ka noiʻi a hoʻonui i ke kaulahao hoʻolako no cadmium telluride.ʻO kekahi o nā pahuhopu o ka papahana ʻo ia ke kōkua i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka mākeke lā o US mai nā pilikia lako honua.
Ua hana pū nā mea noiʻi ma NREL a me First Solar, i kapa ʻia ʻo Solar Cell Inc., mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o 1990s e hoʻomohala.ʻenehana cadmium telluride.ʻO ka Cadmium a me telluride nā huahana o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i nā ores zinc a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe keleawe, kēlā me kēia.ʻOiai ua hui pū ʻia nā wafer silika e hana i nā cell, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka cadmium a me telluride ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana lahilahi - ma kahi o hoʻokahi hapaʻumi o ke anawaena o ka lauoho kanaka - i ke aniani aniani, me nā mea hoʻokele uila.ʻO First Solar, ʻo ia ka mea hana kiʻiʻoniʻoni lahilahi nui loa o ka honua, ua hoʻolako i nā panela no ka hoʻokomo ʻana o ka lā ma 45 mau ʻāina.
Loaʻa i ka ʻenehana kekahi mau mea maikaʻi ma mua o ke silika crystalline, wahi a NREL ʻepekema Lorelle Mansfield.No ka laʻana, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ke kaʻina hana kiʻiʻoniʻoni ma mua o ke ala wafer.Ua kūpono hoʻi ka ʻenehana kiʻiʻoniʻoni lahilahi no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā paneli maʻalahi, e like me nā mea e uhi ana i nā ʻeke ʻeke a i ʻole nā drones a i hoʻohui ʻia i loko o nā façades a me nā puka makani.ʻO ka mea nui, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā panela kiʻiʻoniʻoni ʻoniʻoni i nā wela wela, ʻoiai ʻo nā panela silicon hiki ke wela a emi ʻole ka hana ʻana i ka uila, wahi āna.
Akā, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka silicon crystalline ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe, e like me kā lākou awelika kūpono - ʻo ia hoʻi ka pākēneka o ka lā a nā panela e hoʻomoʻi a hoʻololi i ka uila.ʻO ka mōʻaukala, ua ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā panela silika ma mua o ka ʻenehana cadmium telluride, ʻoiai ke haʻiki nei ka hakahaka.18 a 22 pakeneka, ʻoiai ua hōʻike ʻo First Solar i ka hana awelika o ka 18 pakeneka no kāna mau pāʻoihana hou loa.
Eia nō naʻe, maʻalahi ke kumu nui o ka silikoni i ka mākeke honua."Ke iho nei nā mea a pau i ke kumukūʻai," wahi a Goss."ʻO ka mākeke solar e hoʻoikaika nui ʻia e ka ʻenehana haʻahaʻa loa."
ʻO ke kumukūʻai silika Crystalline e pili ana i $ 0.24 a i $ 0.25 e hana i kēlā me kēia watt o ka mana o ka lā, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o nā mea hakakā ʻē aʻe, wahi āna.Ua ʻōlelo ʻo First Solar ʻaʻole ia e hōʻike hou i ke kumukūʻai-per-watt e hana i kāna mau paneli cadmium telluride, ʻo ia wale nō ka "hōʻemi nui" o nā kumukūʻai mai 2015 - i ka wā o ka hui.hōʻike ʻia nā kumukūʻai o $0.46 no ka watt- a hoʻomau i ka hāʻule i kēlā me kēia makahiki.Aia kekahi mau kumu no ka ha'aha'a ha'aha'a o ke silika.ʻO ka polysilicon maka, ka mea i hoʻohana ʻia i nā kamepiula a me nā smartphones, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka loaʻa a ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi ma mua o nā lako o ka cadmium a me telluride.I ka piʻi ʻana o nā hale hana no nā panela silika a me nā ʻāpana pili, ua emi nā kumukūʻai holoʻokoʻa no ka hana ʻana a me ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka ʻenehana.Ua nui nō hoʻi ke aupuni Kinakākoʻo ʻia a kōkua ʻiaʻo ka ʻāpana lā silika o ka ʻāina - no lailama kahi o 80 pakenekaʻO ke kaulahao lako hana hana lā o ka honua e holo nei ma Kina.
ʻO ka hāʻule ʻana o nā kumukūʻai panel ua alakaʻi i ka boom solar honua.I loko o nā makahiki he ʻumi i hala iho nei, ua ʻike ʻia ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui o ka lā i hoʻokomo ʻia i ka honua ma kahi o 74,000 megawatts i 2011 a kokoke i 714,000 megawatts i 2020,wahi aka International Renewable Energy Agency.ʻO ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ma kahi o hoʻokahi hapahiku o ka huina o ka honua, a ʻo ka lā i kēia manawakekahi o na kumu nui loao ka mana uila hou i kau ʻia ma ʻAmelika i kēlā me kēia makahiki.
ʻO ke kumukūʻai no ka watt o cadmium telluride a me nā ʻenehana kiʻiʻoniʻoni ʻoniʻoni ʻē aʻe e like me ka manaʻo e emi i ka wā e hoʻonui ai ka hana.(Wahi a First Solari ka wā e wehe ʻia ai kāna hale hana hou ma Ohio, e hāʻawi ka hui i ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa loa no ka watt ma ka mākeke lā holoʻokoʻa.) Akā ʻaʻole ʻo ke kumukūʻai wale nō ka mea nui, no ka mea, ua maopopo nā pilikia o ka ʻoihana i kēia manawa a me nā hopohopo hana.
Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Mark Widmar, Luna Hoʻokele o First Solar, ʻo ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o $680 miliona i hoʻolālā ʻia e ka hui he ʻāpana o ka hoʻoikaika nui e kūkulu i kahi kaulahao lako ponoʻī a "decouple" i ka ʻoihana solar US mai Kina.ʻOiai ʻaʻole hoʻohana nā panela cadmium telluride i kekahi polysilicon, ua manaʻo ʻo First Solar i nā pilikia ʻē aʻe e kū nei i ka ʻoihana, e like me nā backlogs i hoʻokomo ʻia i ka maʻi maʻi i ka ʻoihana moku moana.I ʻApelila, ua haʻi aku ʻo First Solar i nā mea hoʻopukapuka e hoʻopaʻa ʻia ana ka nui o nā awa ʻAmelika i nā hoʻouna papa mai kāna mau hale ma Asia.ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hana US e ʻae i ka hui e hoʻohana i nā alanui a me nā kaʻaahi e hoʻouna i kāna mau panela, ʻaʻole nā moku ukana, wahi a Widmar.A ʻo ka papahana hana hou a ka ʻoihana i kēia manawa no kāna mau panela lā e hiki ai iā ia ke hoʻohana hou i nā mea i nā manawa he nui, e hōʻemi hou ana i kona hilinaʻi ʻana i nā kaulahao lako a me nā mea maka.
Ke hoʻopau nei ʻo First Solar i nā panela, hoʻomau ka poʻe ʻepekema ma ka hui a me NREL e hoʻāʻo a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka ʻenehana telluride cadmium.Ma 2019, nā hoahoʻomohala i kahi ala houe pili ana i ka "doping" i nā mea kiʻiʻoniʻoni lahilahi me ke keleawe a me ka chlorine e hoʻokō ai i nā pono kiʻekiʻe.Ma mua o kēia mahina, NRELhoʻolaha i nā hopenao kahi ho'āʻo kahua he 25 makahiki ma kona hale waho ma Golden, Colorado.He 12-panel panels cadmium telluride panels e hana ana ma ka 88 pakeneka o kona pono kumu, he hopena ikaika no ka panel e noho ana ma waho no na makahiki elua.ʻO ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa "e pili ana i nā ʻōnaehana silika e hana ai," e like me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o NREL.
Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Mansfield, ka mea ʻepekema NREL, ʻaʻole ka pahuhopu e hoʻololi i ke silika crystalline me ka cadmium telluride a i ʻole e hoʻokumu i kahi ʻenehana i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o kekahi."Manaʻo wau aia kahi wahi no lākou a pau ma ka mākeke, a aia kēlā me kēia i kā lākou noi," wahi āna."Makemake mākou e hele i ka ikehu a pau i nā kumuwaiwai hou, no laila pono mākou i kēia mau ʻano ʻenehana like ʻole e hoʻokō i kēlā luʻi."
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Sep-17-2021